Computer Programming Languages List

Let’s first have a brief discussion about computer programming basics before we proceed towards understanding the logic behind various categories of computer programming languages and browsing through a list thereof. To put it precisely, computer programming includes all those activities that are involved in creating and maintaining the source code, viz., designing, writing, testing and debugging the source code of any given program. A computer program is a set of instructions that are developed and written in such a way that it gets the computer to perform a specific set of tasks. These instructions, specifications and performance requirements, that are written to form a program, constitute of the source code of the program. That, I suppose, gives a brief idea on what computer programs and computer programming is all about. Now, let’s proceed towards understanding languages in a little detail.

Programming Languages

A programming language is a description, measurement or expression of processes or algorithms which includes digital as well as non digital data that can be performed by computing machines. Programming languages are created for a large number of purposes but the basic logic behind their creation is common – they serve to control and regulate the behavior and performance of such computing machines with regards to their desired output. All programming languages have two basic components – syntax and semantics. The syntax is the form or arrangement of symbols and characters typical to a particular language. Semantics deal with the meaning that a set of characters convey when arranged in a particular way. For instance, let’s look at a couple of simple programming languages examples to get an idea of syntax and semantics with relation to programming.

Simple C++ Program Example
Syntax:
#include
using namespace std;

int main()
{
cout < “Good Morning!\n”;

return 0;
}
Semantic:
Good Morning!

Simple COBOL Program Example
Syntax:
DISPLAY “Good Morning”.
STOP RUN

Semantics:
Good Morning

Types of Programming Languages

Broadly, there are two basic types of programming languages based upon the level of abstraction from the architecture of the computer’s instruction set. These two types of programming languages are high level language and low-level language. High level languages are farthest in similarity from machine syntaxes and most of these languages make use of real world language elements. As such, high level languages are more user-friendly and offer larger portability across various platforms. These languages are characterized by the conspicuous visible absence of CPU processing details such as scope management and models for memory access. In order for the computing machine to understand and process the inputs of the user, conveyed through high level language, such languages usually undergo any of the three types of programs – interpreters, compilers or translators – to get converted into an executable form. Common examples of high level language are Java, C and C++. Low level languages are the closest in form to the computer’s internal machine code and are, therefore, easily and readily executed by the computer without having to involve intermediary conveying programs like translators, compilers and interpreters. 1GL and 2GL are examples of common programming languages of this category.

Computer Programming Languages: List by Category

There are over 700 programming languages that have been developed till date! Let’s look at a categorized list of programming languages that includes some of the most prominent and popular languages listed under different categories.

Array Programming Languages

Fortran
Analytica
Chapel
APL
FISh
F
A+
F-Script
Fortress
IDL
J
K
PDL
R
NESL
MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory)
S-Lang
Octave
Nial
SAC
ZPL
X10

Aspect Oriented Programming Languages

AspectLua
AspectJ
CaesarJ
Object Teams
E
Aspect C++
Compose

Authoring Programming Languages

PILOT
Bigwig
TUTOR
Coursewriter

Assembly Languages

ASEM-51
AKI
ASCENT
ASPER
BAL
C–
COMPASS
Emu8086
EDTASM
FAP
FASM
GAS
HLA
HLASM
LC-3
Linoleum
MACRO-11
MACRO-20
MACRO-32
MASM
MI
MIPS
Motorola 68KAssembly of CPUs
NASM
NEAT
PAL-III
PASM
RosAsm
Sphinx
TASM
Yasm

Command Line Interface Programming Languages

4DOS
.bat
Windows PowerShell
CHAIN
CLIST
DCL
DOS Batch Language
CMS EXEC
EXEC 2
JCL
sh
csh
Ch
tcsh
bash
ksh
zsh
Rc
Es shell
REXX
SCLI
SsCLI
TACL

Compiled Programming Languages

Ada
ALGOL
Ateji PX
BASIC
C
C++
C#
CLEO
CLIPPER 5.3
Clush
COBOL
CLisp
Cobra
Corn
Curl
D
DASL
Delphi
DIBOL
Dylan
dylan.NET
Ecere C
Eiffel
Factor
Forth
Fortran
Go
Haskell
Harbour
Java
JOVIAL
LabVIEW
Nemerle
Objective-C
Pascal
Plus
ppC++
Python
RPG
Scheme
SmallTalk
ML
Turing
Urq
Visual Basic
Visual FoxPro
Visual Prolog
WinDev
X++
XL
Z++

Concurrent Programming Languages

Ada
ChucK
Cilk
C Omega
Clojure
ConcurrentLua
Concurrent Pascal
Corn
Curry
E
Eiffel
Erlang
Go
Java
Join-Calculus
Joule
Limbo
MultiLisp
occam
Oz
Pict
SALSA
Scala
SR

Dataflow Programming Languages

Hartman Pipelines
G
Lucid
Max
Prograph
Pure Data
Vee
VisSim
WebMethods Flow
Monk
Oz
VHDL

Data Oriented Programming Languages

Clarion
Clipper
dBase
MUMPS
SPARQL
SQL
Tutorial D
Visual FoxPro
WebQL

Educational Programming Languages

Scratch
Etoys
Squeak
BlueJ
Greenfoot
NetBeans
Scheme
Logo
Common Lisp
newLISP
Gambas
SiMPLE
Microsoft Small Basic
BASIC-256
Visual Basic .Net (one of the most popular computer programming langauges for beginners)
Alice
AgentSheets
Baltie
E-Slate
CiMPLE
Hackey Hack
Guido van Robot
Kodu
Karel
Mama
Pascal
Lego Mindstorms
RoboMind
Phrogram
Stagecast Creator
Curry
Haskel
A++
Oz
Qi II
M2001

Data Structured Programming Languages

dBase
SQL
Clarion
MUMPS
SPARQL
Fox Pro
Clipper
WebQL

Declarative Programming Languages

Ant
Lustre
Modelica
xBase
MetaPost
DASL
XSL Transformations
Prolog
Poses++

Extension Programming Languages

Ateji PX
AutoLISP
CAL
C/AL
DML
Guile
Lua
OptimJ
Python
REXX
Ruby
S-Lang
SQL
Tcl
Vimscript
VBA
Windows PowerShell

Esoteric Programming Languages

Whitespace
Chef
Klingon
Befunge
Shakespeare
LOLCODE
FALSE
Piet
INTERCAL
Malbolge
SNUSP

Functional Programming Languages

Charity
Curl
Clean
F#
Haskell
Lisp
Hop
Mathematica
ML
Erlang
R
Spreadsheets
Kite
OPS5
Opal

Logic Oriented Programming Languages

Leda
Janus
Poplog
Oz
Fril
CLACL
ROOP
Alma-0

Fourth Generation Commercial Environment Programming Languages

FOCUS
MARK-IV
Oracle Express 4GL
SAS
XML mosaic
Aubit 4GL
CorVision
Uniface
LINC 4GL
ABAP
Ubercode
xBase
MAPPER
Visual DataFlex
Today
Visual FoxPro

Machine Programming Languages

UltraSPARC
Motorola 6800
Intel 8008/8080/8085
StrongARM
ARM
Commodore 64 CPU
MIPS R2000/ R3000
National 32032

Interactive Mode Programming Languages

BASIC
Clojure
CLisp
Erlang
F#
Forth
FPr
Fril
Haskell
IDL
Lua
MUMPS
Maple
MATLAB
ML
Mythryl
Perl
PostScript
Python
R
REXX
Ruby
Scala
Scheme
SmallTalk
S-Lang
Tcl
Windows PowerShell

Interpreted Programming Languages

Ant
APL
AutoHotkey
Autolt
BASIC
Databus
Eiffel
Forth
FPr
Frink
GML
Groovy
Haskell
J
LISP
LPC
Lua
Lush
MUMPS
Maple
Pascal
Perl
Pikt
PostScript
Python
REXX
R
Ruby
S-Lang
Spin
TorqueScript
thinBasic
VBScript
Windowes PowerShell
XMLmosaic

Iterative Programming Languages

Aldor
Alphard
C#
CLU
Cobra
Eiffel
Icon
IPL-v
Lua
Lush
Python
Sather
XL

List Based Programming Languages

FPr
Joy
Lisp
Lush
R
TCl
TRAC

Little Languages

apply
awk
Comet
SQL

Macro Programming Languages

Meta programming Languages

C++
Curl
D
Forth
Haskell
Lisp
Lua
Maude System
MetaL
MetaOCaml
Nemerle
Perl
Python
ruby
SmallTalk
XL

Multiparadigm Programming Languages

Ada
ALF
Alma
APL
BETA
C++
C#
ChucK
Cobra
CLisp
Corn
Curl
Curry
D
Delphi
Dylan
ECMAScript
Eiffel
F
Fantom
FPr
Harbour
Hop
J
LabVIEW
Lasso
Lava
Leda
Lua
Metaobject protocols
Mythryl
Nemerle
Objective Camrl
Oz
Object Pascal
Perl
PHP
Pliant
Poplog
ppC++
Prograph
Python
R
REBOL
ROOP
Ruby
Scala
Seed 7
SISAL
Spreadsheets
Tcl
Windows PowerShell
XL

Numerical Analysis Programming Languages

Algae
AMPL
GAMS
MATLAB
Seneca

Non-English Based Programming Languages

ARLOGO
Chinese BASIC
Fjölnir
HPL
Lexico
Rapira
Glagol
Portugol

Object Oriented Class Based Programming Languages

CLisp
Dylan
Goo
Cecil
Actor
Ada 95
BETA
C++
Chrome
ChucK
Cobra
ColdFusion
Corn
Curl
D
DASL
Delphi
dylan.NET
E
Ecere C
Eiffel
F-Script
Fortran
Fortress
FPr
GAMBAS
GML
Harbour
j
Java
Kite
LabVIEW
Lava
Lua
Modula-2
Moto
Nemerle
NetRexx
Oberon-2
Object Pascal
Object Caml
Perl 5
PHP
Pliant
ppC++
Prograph
Python
Revolution
Ruby
Scala
Seccia
Simula
SmallTalk
SPIN
SuperCollider
VBScript
Visual DataFlex
Visual FoxPro
Visual Prolog
X++
XOTcl

Object Oriented Prototype Based Programming Languages

ABCL/1/R/R2/c plus
Agora
cecil
ECMAScript
Etoys
Glyphic script
Io
Lisaac
Lua
MOO
NewtonScript
Obliq
R
REBOL
Self
Slate
TADS

OFFSide Rule Programming Languages

ISWIM
ABC
Hyper Talk
Ivy
Miranda
Occam
Pliant
SPIn
XL

Procedural Programming Languages

Ada
ALGOL
Alma-0
BASIC
BLISS
C
C++
C#
ChucK
Cobra
COBOL
ColdFusion
Component Pascal
Curl
D
DASL
dylan.NET
Delphi
Ecere C
ECMAScript
Eiffel
Fortran
FPC Pascal
Harbour
Hyper Talk
Java
JOVIAL
Lasso
Modula-2
Oberon
Oberon-2
MATLAB
MUMPS
Nemerle
Occam
Pascal
PCASTL
Perl
PL/C
PL/I
Plus
Python
R
Rapira
RPG
S-Lang
VBScript
Visual Basic
Visual FoxPro
X++
XL
XMLmosaic

Reflective Languages

Aspect Oriented
Befunge
C##
ChucK
Cobra
Component Pascal Black Box Component Builder
Cobra
Curl
Delphi
ECMAScript
Eiffel
Forth
Harbour
Java
Lisp
Lua
Maude System
.NET FCLR
Oberon-2
Objective-C
PCASTL
Perl
PHP
Pico
Pliant
Poplog
Prolog
Python
REBOL
Ruby
SmallTalk
SNOBOL
Tcl
X++
XL

Rule Based Programming Languages

CLIPS
Constraint Handling Rules
Jess
OPS5
Prolog
Poses++

Scripting Languages

AppleScript
AWK
BeanShell
Ch
CLIST
ColdFusion
ECMAScript
CMS EXEC
EXEC 2
F-Script
Falcon
Frink
GML
ICI
Io
JASS
Groovy
Join Java
Tea
Lua
MEL
Mythryl
Perl
PHP
Pikt
Python
R
REBOL
REXX
Revolution
Ruby
SmallTalk
S-Lang
Se
Tcl
TorqueScript
VBScript
Windows PowerShell
Winbatch

Stack Based Programming Languages

Cat
colorForth
Factor
Forth
Joy
Piet
Poplog
PostScript
RPL
Urq

Synchronous Programming Languages

Argos
Averest
Esterel
LEA
Lustre
Signal
SynchCharts

Syntax Handling Programming Languages

ANTLR
Coco/R
GNU bison
GNU Flex
Lex
M4
yacc
JavaCC
Rats!

Visual Programming Languages

CODE
Eiffel
Fabrik
LabVIEW
Lava
Limnor
Mindscript
Max
NXT-G
PPL
Prograph
Pure Data
Quartz Composer
Scratch
Simulink
Spreadsheets
Subtext
Tinkertoy
VEE
VisSim
ww
EICASLAB

Niklaus Wirth Programming Languages

ALGOL W
Modula
Modula-2 (Obliq based on Modula 3)
Oberon
Oberon-2
Oberon-07
Object Pascal

XML Based Programming Languages

Ant
C Omega
Jelly
LZX
MXML
XQuery
XSLT
XMLmosaic

It is common for many programming languages to fall under multiple categories based upon their structure, function, orientation or any other criteria. A programming language’s popularity depends upon these versatilities and functionalities.

Latest Programming Languages

The following programming languages were developed in the years starting from 2000. Let’s take a look at this list of the most recently developed programming languages.

Alma-0
Aspect-J
Ada 2005
Boo
C#
Cobra
Clojure
D
F#
Fantom
Factor
Ferite
Groovy
Go
Io
Joy
Join Java
Kite
Links
Little b
Nemerle
OptimJ
Oberon-07
Pure
Squirrel
Scala
Subtext
Visual Basic .Net
Vala
Windows PowerShell
XL

The programming languages list provided here attempts to include most of the common programming languages in major categories. Those who are pursuing computer programming careers must be aware of all other languages belonging to various other categories which have not been elucidated in this article. This article on programming languages list is an attempt to enlist some of the most commonly used, and recently developed, programming languages to give an idea on the vast number and variety of programming languages that are available for a wide variety of programming purposes and requirements. Happy programming!

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